高考中考查“ｔｈａｔ”用法的试题解析及应对策略
摘要：本文从英语高考考纲的实际出发，通过分析2007年全国各地英语高考试题中对“that”的考查试题，并就此简要提出应试策略，以期更好地掌握“that”在英文中的用法。
关键词：考纲 试题 应试策略。
“that”在英文中是一个使用频率很高的单词，但其用法却复杂多变。它是历年高考的必考知识点，这应引起我们的高度关注。本文试对2007年全国各地英语高考试题中对that考查的试题择要作一浅析，并简要提出应试策略，以备战2008年高考。
一、考查that作代词。
[例1] (NMET2007浙江卷,16)————He got his first book published. It turned out to be a bestseller.
————When was ________?。
————_________ was in 2000 when he was still in college.
A. that; This B. this; It C. it; ThisD. that; It。
分析：D 根据句意第一空中的that指代上文，第二空是强调句型，只保留了前半部分“It was in 2000 when he was still in college”，省略掉了“that he got his first book published”。
[例2] （NMET2007四川，32）Little joy can equal ________of a surprising ending when you read stories.
A. thatB. thoseC. any D. some。
分析：A 本题考查一组代词的用法。that作代词可以替代前面的不可数名词或可数名词的单数形式，并且特指。that此处替代前面的不可数名词joy。
[应对策略]。
考查that作代词的用法时常将其和it/ one/ this混合在一起，此时应注意以下几点：
1、that常用以代替前面所说的单词、短语、从句等，以避免重复；this常用以代替下文中所要提的事。
2、it只代替可数名词的单数或不可数名词，指复数事物时要用其复数形式they/them。
3、it指代上下文中的同事或同物，若指代同类中的异物，要用one（指单数可数）。
二、考查that作连词。
[例3]（NMET2007湖南）Having checked the doors were closed, and _________ all the lights were off, the boy opened the door to his bedroom.
A. whyB. that C. when D. where。
分析：Bthat引导宾语从句，在从句中只起连接作用，不作任何成分，常被省略，但当谓语后接两个或两个以上宾语从句时，第一个that可以省略，第二个that不能省略。故选B项。
[例4]（NMET2006天津）There is much chance _________ Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.
A. thatB. which C. until D. if。
分析：Athat引导同位语从句，具体说明chance的内容。that只起连接作用，在从句中不担当任何成分。
[例5]________ he came late made his teacher angry.
A. thatB. what C. who D. if。
分析：Athat引导主语从句，此时that无意义，只起连接作用，在从句中不担当任何成分。What和who都可引导主语从句，在从句中作主语、宾语、或表语。If也可引导主语从句，此时if意为“是否”，只起连接作用，在从句中不担当任何成分。
[应对策略]。
当that引导的宾语从句位于及物动词后时，引导词that可省略。但当and连接两个或更多的由that引导的宾语从句时，that往往不可省略。
例如：I didn"t expect (that) he could win the championship.
例如：He told me that he had finished his homework and that he would go to the cinema tonight.
此外，当that引导的宾语从句较长时，往往可用it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语从句置后。例如：We make it clear that he is very honest.
that引导主语从句时，在从句中不作任何句子成分，只起连接作用，但一般不能省略。
例如：That the earth goes around the sun is known to everyone.
注意：当主语从句较长时，往往可用it代替它作形式主语，而将真正的主语从句置后，以达到平衡句子的目的。
例如：It is a pity that you didn’t attend the interesting party.
that引导表语从句和同位语从句时，that在从句中不作任何句子成分，只起连接作用，但一般不能省略。
例如：The trouble is that we are short of money. ( 表语从句)。
例如：The news that our team has won the match is true. ( 同位语从句)。
注意：引导同位语从句的that和引导定语从句的that是不同的。前者只起连接作用，在从句中不作任何成分；而后者在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。
例如：Information has been put forward that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.（同位语从句)。
例如：The idea that he holds is very common nowadays on campus.（定语从句）。
[例6]（NMET2007安徽）You can only be sure of ________ you have at present; you cannot be sure of something __________ you might get in the future.
A. that ; what B. what; /C. which; thatD. / ; that。
分析：B本题中what引导宾语从句，作介词of的宾语，what在宾语从句中作宾语。something后接that引导的定语从句，that在定语从句中作get的宾语，所以可将that省略。
[例7]（2007春季上海）The thought of going back home was ________ kept him happy while he was working abroad.
A. that B. all that C. all what D. which。
分析：Ball作was的表语，后接that引导的定语从句。当先行词是all时，不能用which引导定语从句，而要用that引导。what引导名词性从句，不能引导定语从句。
[应对策略]。
that引导定语从句时，可以指人也可指物，代替who, whom, which，但如果先行词前面有形容词最高级或all, any, little, much, no, only 等词和不定代词修饰时，关系代词只能用that。另外，that在定语从句中作主语、宾语和表语。that在定语从句中作宾语时，通常可以省略；反之，作主语时，不能省略。此外，that不作介词宾语，不能引导非限制性定语从句。
例如： He is the man (that) I gave the money to.
例如： He is the man that lives next door.
例如：All that is needed is a supply of oil.
[例8]（NMET2007上海）Pop music is such an important part of society_______ it has even influenced our language.
A. as B. that C. where D. which。
分析：B “such a(an) +形容词+单数可数名词”意为“如此的——————，以致于——————”。注意such———as和such———that句型不同，前者as引导的从句是定语从句，而后者that引导的从句是状语从句。
[应对策略]。
that引导状语从句时常与有关词搭配使用,例如 so that(以便,以致), so...that(如此…以致), such…that(如此…以致), in order that(以便), for fear that(以免), on condition that (假设), now that(既然), in that(因为) , supposing that（假如）, provided that(假如）等，此时，引导状语从句的that不可省。
例如：He worked hard on order that he might catch up with the others.
例如：Supposing that you were in my position, what would you do?。
[例9]（NMET2007浙江）It ________ we had stayed together for a couple of weeks _______ I found we had a lot in common.
A. was until; whenB. was until; that C. wasn’t until; when D. wasn’t until; that。
分析：DIt was———that———构成强调句，对not until we had stayed together for a couple of weeks 进行强调。
[应对策略]。
that用在强调句型 It is/was...that结构中时，替代被强调部分, 没有意义。此时，that不可省。此外，掌握that用在强调句中的用法时要注意以下几点：
1、强调句的基本结构是 It is/was+被强调部分+that/who…，其疑问句式为Is/Was it +被强调部分+that/who…，其特殊疑问句式为：疑问词+ is/was it +被强调部分+that/who…。
2、还原not until的强调句时要注意把not放到谓语部分上。
例如：It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I recognized she was a famous film star.
还原：I didn’t recognize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses.
3、在带有定语从句的强调句中定语从句的引导词和强调句中的that的选择。
例如：It was in the farm where we worked that I got to know her.
四、考查that作副词。
[例10]（NMET2006湖南）The little girl couldn’t work the problem out. She wasn’t _______ clever.
A. that B. much C. enough D. too。
分析：A 此题考查副词的特殊用法。
that可以当副词作状语使用，意思是“那么，如此”，相当于so。
[应对策略]。
that作副词时，意为“达到这样的程度”、“如此”，相当于so。
例如：I know only that much.
例如：Can you walk that far?。
五、考查含有that的常用短语和惯用语。
[例11]（NMET2005福建）————James, I am sorry I used your computer when you were away this morning.
————________.
A. That’s all right B. It’s my pleasure C. You are welcome D. Don’t mention it。
分析：AThat’s all right 没关系。可用来回答对方的道歉，也可用来回答Thank you。其他三个选项都只用来回答Thank you。
[应对策略]。
关于that的常用短语和惯用语，中学课本中常出现的有：
That is to say. (作插入语)那就是说, 即 ；So that’s that. 就这样决定了。
That’s all right. (回答致谢或致歉)不必谢, ；That’s it. 对了, 就这样.
That’s all. (讲话结束语)完了；That’s great. 太好了,好极了.
That will do/That’ll do. 够了,行了.
总之，以上是中学阶段“that”主要用法的概述，希望能对大家有所帮助。当然，“that”还有其他的一些用法，需要我们在学习的过程中不断地积累和总结。
工作单位：甘肃省金昌市永昌一中邮编：737200。