核酸适配体在临床诊断领域中的研究进展

[摘要] 核酸适配体是一类能够高灵敏、高特异性地与靶标相结合的寡核普酸序列,包括小分子化合物、细胞膜表面受体、蛋白质、金属离子等,具有超强的结合能力、低免疫原性、高稳定性等特点,同时能与各种药物及载体结合,构建多元复合靶向给药系统,目前已用于肿瘤靶向治疗。

本文综述核酸适配体在临床诊断领域中的最新研究进展,为肿瘤疾病的靶向治疗提供新的干预方向,同时也为核酸适配体更为广阔的应用提供参考。

毕业论文网   [关键词] 核酸适配体;临床诊断研究进展   [中图分类号] R73—3 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674—4721(2016)03(c)—0025—03   [Abstract] Aptamers is a class oligonucleotide sequence combinated with target of high sensitivity and high specificity,including small molecules,cell surface receptors,proteins,metal ions,etc.It has superior binding capacity,low immunogenicity,high stability and other characteristics,and can be combined with a variety of drugs and carriers to construct multiple composite targeted drug delivery system.At present,it has been used in cancer targeted therapy.This paper has reviewed the research progress of aptamers in clinical diagnostic field for the latest,to provide a new direction for the treatment of neoplastic diseases targeted interventions,while also to provide a reference for broader application prospects of aptamers.   [Key words] Aptamers;Clinical diagnosis;Research progress   核酸适配体是一类经过人工进化而筛选出的单链寡核苷酸片段,能特异、高亲和力地识别靶分子

核酸适配体被发现以来,人类对于核酸领域有了新的认识,其不仅能够编码生命的遗传信息,还可作为一种新的特异的识别元件[1—2]。

当今,有学者已筛选出不同领域靶分子核酸适配体,上至小分子的环境毒物,下至复杂多变的病原细菌,核酸适配体以其高灵敏性在临床诊断中发挥着十分重要的作用。

本研究通过综述核酸适配体在临床诊断领域中的研究进展,以期为发展肿瘤靶向治疗的新技术和新药物提供参考。

1 核酸适配体的特点   适配体作为一种寡合甘酸序列的识别分子,与传统的抗体比较有其自身的优势及特点:①高亲和性和特异度;②作用的靶分子范围广泛,从无机金属的小分子到生物领域的大分子;③进行筛选所需周期较短,整个过程能够依赖自动化,简便快捷;④稳定程度高,降解速度较慢,常温下可以保存较长时间而不变性;⑤多为小分子,较易通过细胞膜到达细胞内来发挥多功能特性,参与较多反应[3—6]。

另外,核酸适配体能够广泛作用于细胞膜表面受体、小分子化合物、金属离子、蛋白质等靶标,结合能力与抗体相近,甚至较抗体强,同时其具有较好的低免疫原性及较高的稳定性等特点,可结合各种药物及载体构建的多元复合靶向给药系统,以此来达到靶向治疗肿瘤的作用。

2 肿瘤标志物   肿瘤标志物是在肿瘤细胞中有所表达,而在正常细胞中不表达的一种生化分子

通过对某一肿瘤标志物适配体进行特异筛选,进而发挥其靶向诊断的目的。

2.1 甲胎蛋白(AFP)   有学者采用SELEX技术从随机单链核酸序列库中筛选特异性与靶物质高度亲和的α—AFP的RNA适配体,该适配体可下调AFP诱导的细胞中原癌基因的表达[7—10]。

在AFP相关联的肿瘤中,此适配体可被用来诊断或治疗疾病。

AFP—L3本质是一种蛋白,作为AFP的异质体,其分离出的DNA适配子在肝细胞诊断中的作用明显。

2.2 黏蛋白1(Mucin1,MUC1)   MUC1作为Ⅰ型跨膜蛋白的一种多异常表达肿瘤细胞中。

有学者利用MUC1的DNA适配体为载体,构建了DOX—Apt复合物,结果显示,DOX—Apt复合物不但使机体对乳腺癌细胞系中细胞杀伤力强,正常细胞的存活率也有所提高,安全性较好[11—12]。

将MUC1适配体的cDNA等部件组装到金电极体,可以依靠新的电化学竞争,此时采用电化学溶出法便可对靶细胞进行检测。

研究显示,两种特异核酸适配体如TLSlc、TLS11a能够各自通过DNA链偶联于电极体表,形成特有的生物界面,此类DNA有些具有柔性结构,有些具有刚性结构,其提高了核酸适配体捕获肿瘤细胞的效率,减小了界面间的位阻力[13]。

当有靶细胞存在时,细胞表面过表达的MUC1能与cDNA竞争性结合适配体,使得cDNA和适配体组成的双链DNA出现变性,在电极端释放出Apt—Ds复合物。

利用QDs上的荧光能够清晰地看到适配体对靶细胞的识别。

2.3 癌胚抗原(CEA)   CEA作为大肠癌组织代谢的一种糖蛋白,一般提取于结肠腺及胎儿肠,目前已逐渐在其他胃肠道肿瘤的检测中得到应用。

其在正常胚胎的消化管组织及消化系统癌中均可表达[14—15],所以CEA可被认为是广谱性的肿瘤标志物

研究报道指出,有学者已筛选出能对人癌胚抗原进行特异性结合的DNA适配体,为肿瘤诊断指明了一种新的思维方向。

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