碳酸化羟基磷灰石骨水泥的开发与多孔化研究

作者:唐佩福,姚琦,黄鹏,郝立波,毛克亚,王岩,卢世璧,王继芳。

【摘要】 [目的]应用无机化学材料合成碳酸羟基磷灰石水泥,并通过发泡成孔的新方法制备能原位固化形成多孔结构的无机植骨材料。[方法](1)以碳酸钙、磷酸氢钙等化学试剂为原材料,通过高温烧结合成碳酸羟基磷灰石粉体。再以磷酸氢二钠和磷酸二氢钠合成浓度为0.2 mol/L的磷酸钠缓冲液,作为固化液。粉体固化液以1 g/0.4 ml相混合,原位固化形成碳酸羟基磷灰石;(2)在碳酸羟基磷灰石粉体中加入成孔剂,成孔剂在骨水泥固化过程中发生化学反应产生二氧化碳气体,由此形成多孔碳酸羟基磷灰石水泥;(3)通过化学成分、化学结构、力学强度、固化时间、孔隙率等检测,对其理化性能、可操作性能和组织相容性进行评估。[结果]所合成碳酸羟基磷灰石水泥原位固化性能好,固化时间为12~15 min,可操作性能强;化学成分分析发现,其固化产物中含有5.6%的碳酸根成分,与天然骨的矿物相类似;孔隙分析表明,材料的孔隙之间相互贯通,孔隙率为36%;力学测试结果显示,材料的抗压强度为4.3±2.6 MPa,相当于松质骨的力学强度;细胞毒性实验证明,该材料具有优秀的组织相容性。[结论]多孔碳酸羟基磷灰石水泥的化学成分、理化性能、孔隙结构均与天然的松质骨相似,组织相容性良好,可作为无机植骨材料

【关键词】 碳酸羟基磷灰石; 骨水泥多孔原位固化

Abstract:[Objective]To compose carbonated hydroxyapatite cement with chemica l materials, and by adding the pore agent to develop a new bone substitute, which can be solidified in situ to form porous carbonated hydroxyapatite.[Method](1)A new type of carbonated hydroxyapatite cement (CHC)was prepared. The powder of cement was composed of calcium carbonate, tricalcium phosphate and calcium phosphate dibasic. The liquids were prepared by 0.2mol/L sodium phosphate buffer, solide phase to liquid phase was 1g to 0.4 ml; (2)To prepare an in situ setting porous carbonated hydroxyapatite cement,add the pore agent into the powder of cement,pore generate CO2 during situ setting of cement; (3)The chemcial composition, chemcial constitution mechanical property, setting time ,interval porosity of the PCHA were tested. and then the physio—chemical character,manipulatity, histocompatibility were evaluated.[Result]Addition of pore agent could succeed to prepare a new bone substitute which could set in situ and transform into porous carbonated hydroxyapatite. The setting time was 13~15 minutes which was suitable to clinical application. The pore size and porosity character could be controlled by adjustment of the component. The checking results demonstrated that the self—setting composition of this cement was carbonated hydroxyapatite which was similar with the mineral phase of natural cancellous bone,the carbonic acid radical was 5.6% in the solidify production. Contain of the porosity was 36% with interconnect pore, the compressive strength was 5.6±2.2 MPa which was equal to strength of cancellous bone, and the cytotoxicity tests showed an exellent biocompatibility.[Conclusion]The porous carbonated hydroxyapatite cement is a good bone substitute which seems to be the cancellous bone with good porosities, exellent biocompatibility.

Key words:carbonated hydroxyapatite; cement; porous; setting in situ。

碳酸羟基磷灰石水泥(carbonated hydroxyapatite cement, CHC)是一种新型的无机植骨材料。CHC固化产物的晶体结构中含有碳酸根,与天然骨的羟基磷灰石晶体结构类似,因此与磷酸钙骨水泥(calcium phosphate cement, CPC)相比,CHC的体内降解速度加快,组织相容性更好[1]。然而,CHC缺乏天然骨的多孔结构,体内降解速度仍然较慢,与新骨生长速度并不匹配。开发一种能原位固化并形成多孔结构的CHC,将加速CHC的体内降解,赋予CHC更优秀的成骨潜能。本实验采用产气制孔的新方法,成功的制备出多孔碳酸羟基磷灰石水泥(porous carbonated hydroxyapatite cement, PCHC)。通过系列检测证明PCHC理化性能稳定,组织相容性更好。

1 材料和方法。

1.1 材料合成

1.1.1 CHC的合成碳酸钙、磷酸氢钙等化学试剂为原材料,通过高温烧结(1 200℃)合成CHC粉体。将粉体超细研磨成1~5 μm的粉粒,包装、灭菌。再以磷酸氢二钠和磷酸二氢钠合成浓度为0.2 mol/L的磷酸钠缓冲液,作为固化液,安培瓶密封、灭菌。粉体固化液的混合比为1 g∶0.4 ml。

1.1.2 PCHC的合成 在CHC粉体中分别加入适量的成孔剂,采用气流冲击法混合均匀,干燥、真空包装。灭菌备用。

1.2 PCHC的理化性能检测。

1.2.1 PCHC固化时间 参照ISO3107中关于磷酸锌水泥测试方法,在37℃、100%湿度环境中进行测试,固液比为1.0∶0.4(g:ml),测试5个样本,取平均值。

1.2.2 抗压强度 将PCHC固化液和干粉按固液比为1.0∶0.4(g:ml)混合,制成8 mm×12 mm的圆柱体,在37℃、100%湿度环境中进行固化,24 h后取出样本,在MTX858生物力学实验机(Systems,美国)上测试样本压缩强度,加载速度0.2 mm/min,测试5个样本,取平均值。

1.2.3 PCHC晶体结构 将PCHC置于37℃、100%湿度下4周,然后以丙酮浸泡1 h,真空干燥,傅立叶变换红外线(fourier transform infrared,FTIR)分析PCHC的化学结构。

1.2.4 PCHC成分分析 将PCHC置于37℃、100%湿度下4周,然后用丙酮浸泡1 h,真空干燥。采用X线衍射(X—ray differaction,XRD)分析仪测试化学成分,测试条件为CuKα衍射(λ=0.154 nm),40 kV,150 mA。

1.3 PCHC的孔隙结构检测。

1.3.1 孔隙率检测 取PCHC固化产物10 g,冷冻干燥后制成直径为0.2 mm的颗粒,采用AUTOPORE—9420型压汞仪(孔率仪器公司,韩国)测量孔隙率、孔径分布曲线和内比表面积。共测量5个样本,取平均值。

1.3.2 扫描电镜观察 取PCHC固化产物,真空干燥后浸入液氮中冷冻,低温下制造断裂面,再次干燥后表面喷金,电镜下直接观察孔形态、结构、孔径和孔的贯通性。

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