利用股深动脉介入法治疗下肢缺血的解剖学观测

【摘要】 目的 为利用股深动脉介入法治疗下肢缺血性疾病提供解剖学依据。方法 采用成人尸体标本65具(男35,女30),解剖、观察股深动脉的起点、分支吻合;测量外径夹角和可游离长度;观察股深动脉的毗邻关系。结果 股深动脉起始部外径为5.53±1.15mm;旋股内侧动脉深支和旋股外侧动脉升支外径分别为3.14±0.65mm和2.96±0.47mm,与主干的夹角分别约85.2±14.5°和135.3±12.5°。在股三角中部,由前向后依次为隐神经和股动脉、股静脉,股深静脉和股深动脉者占74.37%,股深动脉前后还与一些小静脉和纤维索相邻。结论 股深动脉可用来治疗下肢缺血性疾病,但与附近血管神经的关系复杂,容易造成多发性血管损伤;旋股内侧动脉深支和旋股外侧动脉升支可作为介入治疗股骨头缺血性坏死的首选血管。

【关键词】 股动脉 解剖学 下肢 缺血/ 治疗 放射学 介入性。

Abstract: Objective To provide anatomical data for interventional therapy of ischemic lower limbs through deep femoral artery. Methods The origins, the branches and anastomosis, the origin diameter, the dissociated length, the angles and the adjacent relations of deep femoral artery were observed and measured after dissection in 65 adult Chinese cadavers (males 35, females 30). Results The origin diameter of the deep femoral artery is 5.53±1.15mm. The diameters of the deep branch of medial femoral circumflex artery and the ascending branch of lateral femoral circumflex artery are 3.14±0.65mm and 2.96±0.47mm, respectively, the angles of them with aorta are 85.2±14.5° and 135.3±12.5°. In the middle part of femoral triangle, are the saphenous nerve and the femoral artery, the femoral vein, the deep femoral vein and the deep femoral artery, from the front part to backward one by one, occupying 74.37%. In addition, there are some little veins and fibres adjacent to the deep femoral artery. Conclusion The deep femoral artery can be used as an inflow site for interventional therapy of ischemic lower limbs, but as for the complex of its adjacent to other vascular nerves, multiple vascular injuries easily occurred. The preferred arteries are the deep branch of medial femoral circumflex artery and the ascending branch of lateral femoral circumflex artery for the treatment of ischemic necrosis of femoral head.

Key words: deep femoral artery; anatomy; lower extremity; ischemia/therapy; radiology, interventional。

股深动脉的几个重要分支参与构成髋周围动脉网和膝关节动脉网。这些吻合形成了从髂内动脉至胫血管的纵向侧支网络,成为利用股深动脉介入以重建下肢血液供应的解剖学基础[1]。笔者观测了股深动脉各段及其分支股深动脉与邻近血管神经的毗邻关系,并对其与临床的联系进行了探讨。

1 材料和方法。

选用学生局部解剖学实验使用过的成人尸体标本65具(男35,女30),共130侧,解剖、观察股深动脉的起点、分支和位置关系,用游标卡尺(精确度0.02 mm)测量股深动脉各段及其分支外径,用量角器测量旋股内、外侧动脉股深动脉股深动脉与股动脉夹角,并对其结果进行分析和统计处理,计算结果均以±s表示。

2 结果。

2.1 起点、长度外径夹角

股深动脉在股三角内起始于股动脉外侧者59侧(见图1),占45.38%;起始于股动脉后方者52侧,占40.00%;起始于股动脉内侧者10侧,占7.69%;起始于股动脉外侧者9侧,占6.92%。根据旋股内、外侧动脉起始部位的不同,可把股深动脉大致分为四型:Ⅰ型(深全干型):旋股内和旋股外侧动脉均由股深动脉发出,占50.36%;Ⅱ型(深外干型):旋股外侧动脉起自股深动脉旋股内侧动脉直接起自股动脉,占26.54%;Ⅲ型(深内干型):旋股内侧动脉起自股深动脉旋股外侧动脉直接起自股动脉,占18.25%;Ⅳ型(深孤独干型):旋股内侧动脉旋股外侧动脉起自股动脉,占4.85%。股深动脉及其分支长度外径夹角,见表1。表1 股深动脉分支外径长度夹角(略)注:可游离长度指起点到第一分支长度夹角为该动脉与上一级动脉的下夹角

2.2 分支吻合

77.23%的旋股外侧动脉和67.77%的旋股内侧动脉起自股深动脉,其余的均直接起于股动脉旋股外侧动脉外行至缝匠肌和股直肌深面时,发出升支和降支,出现率分别为91.41%和83.22%,行程也比较恒定,其中,升支外径为2.96±0.47mm,与旋股外侧动脉间约呈135°角(135.3±12.5°)。旋股内侧动脉发出后与主干近垂直(85.2±14.5°),向后在耻骨肌与髂腰肌之间转入深层,延续为深支,起点外径为3.14±0.65mm。然后绕股方肌下缘斜向外上,沿转子间嵴上行,并发出分支营养股骨头和股骨颈。其余各支极不恒定,分布至邻近肌肉。股深动脉还发出4支穿动脉,穿动脉间距几乎相等,大约为3.95±0.56cm,主干长度依次递减,直径以第2穿动脉最大(0.49±0.11mm)。按Mills的划分[2],股深动脉主干走向分为3段:第1段(近侧段),从股深动脉起始部至旋股外侧动脉;第2段(中段),从旋股外侧动脉股深动脉第2穿支;第3段(远侧段),从股深动脉第2穿支至远端部分。各段的长度外径,见表2。表2 股深动脉各段的长度外径(略)。

常见的吻合可以分为4种情况:①旋股外侧动脉升支与臀上、下动脉分支吻合;②旋股外侧动脉降支与动脉的膝上外侧分支吻合;③旋股内侧动脉与闭孔动脉分支吻合;④第4穿动脉与动脉的膝最上分支吻合。其中以第一种多见,出现率为93%。血管吻合数量并没有像预期的那样随分支的增加而明显增加,细小血管之间虽有吻合,但仍保持各自相对独立的血供区域。主要吻合类型为终末支血管网状吻合

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