清末审判机构发展历程探析

本篇论文目录导航：　　【题目】清末审判机构发展历程探析　　【序言 第一章】清末审判机构改革的背景及理念　　【第二章】清末审判机构变革内容分析　　【第三章】清末审判机构改革的评价及启示　　【结语/参考文献】清末审判机构建设问题研究结语与参考文献　　　　中文摘要　　　　本文研究的是清末审判机构改革及启示，在中国古代的专制体制下，审判权和行政权是合一的，这种体制从秦代一直沿袭至清末。在封建中国，商品经济不发达，因此这种体制在清末以前的适用并未出现较大的弊端，但是到了 16 世纪，商品经济日益发达，纠纷变得复杂而庞多，原本负责审理案件的行政长官的司法经验水平无法达到公正处理案件的程度，这种审判权与行政权合一的机构体制逐步显露出弊端，清末审判机构改革改变了以往做法，并收到一定的效果，成为中国审判机构改革的开端，但这种改革后的司法体制并不是像西方那样完全的司法独立，而是一种仍在行政系统领导之下有中国特色的司法体系。中国古代当权者害怕剧烈的政治变革会带来社会动荡，往往采取温和而缓慢的变革，这在一定程度上抑制了迫切的变革要求。因此，清末审判机构的改革也是一个漫长、微妙的过程。清末审判机构改革的原因包括：传教士、留学生、留洋官员对西方审判文化的介绍；审判权与行政权合一的机构体制逐步显露出弊端；领事裁判权的确立限制清政府的司法主权。清末审判机构改革内容包括设置司法行政管理机关、审判机关、检察机关；以立法的形式赋予审判机构审判职能；实行四级三审制以划分各审判机构的权限；设立专门司法培训机构为各审判机构输送人员。清末审判机构改革确立了司法与行政分立的司法机构体系。清政府在审判机构改革过程中将刑部改为法部，将大理寺改为大理院并且编制《大理院审判编制法》、《各级审判厅试办章程》、《法院编制法》等法律。对清末审判机构的改革可以评价为这是一次形式意义上的改革，因为清末缺乏真正实现审判机构改革的经济条件，同时清末缺乏真正实现审判机构改革的民主政治，而且清末缺乏与司法独立审判制度相适应的合理的思想价值理念。但是同时清末审判机构改革建立了审判机构新旧并立的新型模式。清末的实践为民国及以后进行审判机构改革和建立司法独立制度提供给了有利基础，也为当今中国司法改革改革提供了有益的借鉴。　　　　关键词：司法改革 审判机构 司法独立　　　　Abstract　　　　This study is the late Qing trial institutional reform and enlightenment in the ancientChinese authoritarian regime, judicial and executive powers are one, this system hasbeen followed from the Qing Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty. In feudal China, commodityeconomy developed, so this system does not apply in the late former larger defects, butto the 16th century, increasingly developed commodity economy, the dispute hasbecome more complex and Pang, originally responsible for hearing cases ofadministrative Executive level judicial experience to the extent not fair handling of thecase, such a judicial and executive power of unity gradually reveal institutionalshortcomings late Qing trial institutional reform changed the past practice, and receive acertain effect, become the Chinese judicial institutions the beginning of reform, butreform of the judicial system of this post is not like the West completely independentjudiciary, but is still an administrative system under the leadership of the judicial systemwith Chinese characteristics. Ancient Chinese authorities fear violent political changewill bring social unrest, often take a moderate and slow change, which inhibits theurgent change requires a certain extent. Therefore, the reform of the judicial organ ofthe late Qing Dynasty is a long and delicate process. Late Qing Dynasty and the trialinstitutional reforms include: missionaries, students studying abroad officials tried tointroduce Western culture; judicial and executive power of institutional unity graduallyrevealing the shortcomings; the establishment of consular jurisdiction limit the Qinggovernment's judicial sovereignty. Late Qing trial institutional reforms including settingjudicial administrative organs, judicial organs; judicial functions conferred judicialinstitutions in the form of legislation; implementation of four three—trial system todivide permission Trial institutions; the establishment of specialized judicial traininginstitutions for the trial transportation agency staff. Late Qing trial institutional reformestablishes the separation of judicial and administrative judiciary system. The Qinggovernment in the process of institutional reform in the trial of Punishments to theMinistry of Justice, the supreme court and prepared to Daliyuan Daliyuan trialpreparation Law, The Trial Chamber charter pilot at all levels, prepared by theCourt, and other laws. Reform of the judicial organ of the late Qing Dynasty can beevaluated as it is a form of sense reform, because the lack of real trial late Qinginstitutional reform economic conditions, while the late Qing lack truly democratic political reform judicial institutions, and the late Qing Dynasty and independent justicesystem lacks justice rational thinking values compatible. But while the late QingDynasty tried to establish a new model of institutional reform judicial institutions of theold and new side by side. The late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of practice after thetrial institutional reform and the establishment of an independent judiciary systemprovided a favorable foundation for the reform of the judicial reform in China todayprovides a useful reference.　　　　Key words: Reform of the Judicial System the Trial Institutions JudicialIndependence　　　　目 录　　　　序 言　　　　一、清末审判机构改革的背景及理念　　　　（一）清末审判机构改革的背景　　1.传教士、留学生、留洋官员对西方审判文化的介绍　　2.审判权与行政权合一的机构体制逐步显露出弊端　　3.领事裁判权的确立限制清政府的司法主权　　（二）清末审判机构改革的理念1.会通中西　　2.司法独立　　　　二、清末审判机构改革内容分析　　　　（一）以立法的形式赋予审判机构审判职能　　（二）严格划分各审判机构职能　　1.司法行政管理机构——法部、提法司　　2.司法审判机构——大理院、审判厅　　3.检察机构——检察厅　　（三）实行四级三审制以划分各审判机构的权限　　（四）设立专门司法培训机构为各审判机构输送人员　　　　三、清末审判机构改革的评价及启示　　　　（一）清末审判机构改革的评价　　1.清末审判机构改革是形式意义上的司法独立　　2.清末审判机构改革建立了审判机构新旧并立的新型模式　　（二）清末审判机构改革的启示　　1.实现审判机构改革应具有市场经济条件　　2.实现审判机构改革应具有民主政治条件　　3.实现审判机构改革应具有权利本位的思想观念条件　　　　结 语　　　　参考文献　　　　致 谢。

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