垂体腺瘤手术入路的解剖学观察

【关键词】 垂体腺瘤手术入路解剖学。

Abstract: Objective To put forward anatomic parameters about the pituitary adenoma for microneurosurgery. Methods The surgical anatomy of the operating spaces and vessels/ nerves nearby in the sellar region was studied in 30 cadaver brains. Results The distance was (21.73±3.72)mm between endostoma of internal cervical arteries(ICA), (11.77±3.34)mm between endostoma of optic canals, (20.92±4.58)mm between cavernous sinuses, transverse diameter of basilar sella was (13.57±4.21)mm, longitudinal distance was (13.61±3.18)mm, the distance from anterior sphenoidal wall to nares was (92.91±17.81)mm, the distance from midpoint of superciliary arch superior border to the tuberculum sellae was (62.24±14.17)mm, the distance from midpoint of superciliary arch superior border(MSASB) to the homonymy endostoma of optic canal was (53.45±16.91)mm, the distance from MSASB to the opposite side endostoma of optic canal was (62.24±20.80)mm, the distance from MSASB to the homonymy entrance of ICA was (69.81±21.96)mm, the distance from MSASB to the opposite side entrance of ICA was (78.40±27.46)mm, the distance from MSASB to the homonymy lap of ICA was (56.43±15.31)mm, the distance from MSASB to the opposite side lap of ICA was (64.53±17.01)mm, the distance from pterion to the root of pituitary stalk was (59.24±17.17)mm, the distance from pterion to anterior clinoid process was (45.51±10.55)mm, the distance from pterion to cavernous sinus was (43.72±9.48)mm. Conclusion The present results may be a guide for the microsurgery of the sellar region to avoid injury of the important nerves and vessels.

Keywords: pituitary adenoma;operative approach;anatomy。

原发于垂体的肿瘤即垂体腺瘤,约占颅内肿瘤的10%左右,但在尸检中发现率为20%~30%。近年来,随着现代病理学、现代放射学、医学影像学技术、临床内分泌检测手段以及显微外科技术、设备的迅速发展,对垂体腺瘤的诊断手段有了显著的提高,治疗效果也有了很大改善[12]。临床上垂体腺瘤的显微手术需要详细的解剖学资料,本文对成人尸体头颅鞍区手术间隙及邻近结构进行了解剖学观察、测量,为临床上垂体腺瘤的显微手术提供参考依据。

1 材料与方法。

成年人尸头颅标本30例,其中男性19例,女性11例。所有标本均无畸形及外伤改变,鼻窦内无异物、新生物及明显的炎性改变。全部标本的解剖操作均首先将尸头按手术体位固定在手术头架上,模拟手术入路按经蝶入路、经额入路、经翼点入路三种手术入路方式逐层解剖,并对解剖结构进行精确测量。根据三种手术入路需要确定相应的测量数值,所有数据测量均用游标卡尺(精确到0.01 mm)。采用SPSS11.5统计分析软件对观察数据进行分析处理,数据用均数±标准差(±s)表示。

2 结果。

2.1 经蝶窦入路相关骨性结构的测量

30例尸头标本分别测量颈内动脉内口间距、视神经管内口间距、海绵窦间距、鞍底横径、鞍底纵径、蝶窦前壁至鼻孔的深度,测量结果见表1。表1 经蝶窦入路相关骨性结构测量

2.2 经额入路相关骨性结构的测量

30例尸头标本测量眉弓上缘中点到鞍结节的距离、眉上缘中点到同侧视神经管内口距离、眉上缘中点到对侧视神经管内口距离、眉弓上缘中点到同侧颈内动脉入口的距离、眉弓上缘中点到对侧颈内动脉入口的距离、眉弓上缘中点到同侧颈内动脉膝部的距离、眉弓上缘中点到对侧颈内动脉膝部的距离,测量结果见表2。表2 经额入路相关骨性结构测量

2.3 经翼点入路相关骨性结构的测量

30例尸头标本测量翼点到垂体柄末端距离、翼点到前床突的距离、翼点到海绵窦的距离,测量结果见表3。表3 经翼点入路相关骨性结构测量

3 讨论。

经蝶入路要求手术医师熟悉以蝶鞍为中心的解剖结构,包括蝶鞍下方的蝶窦;上方的视交叉、下丘脑;后方的斜坡上段骨质;侧方的海绵窦及其内容物;蝶鞍内的垂体垂体柄及鞍隔等[23]。蝶窦是位于蝶骨内的空腔,通过蝶窦开口与鼻腔相连,这种解剖毗邻关系提供了经鼻蝶窦手术入路进入蝶鞍周围结构的解剖学基础。内窥镜的使用为手术提供了更为广阔的视野,但是确定精确的手术解剖标志是非常重要的。后鼻孔上缘中鼻甲及犁骨都被用做经蝶手术标志。但是一旦手术进入蝶窦后,蝶窦后壁斜坡骨质及其周围骨性隆起将是最好的手术解剖标志。如将蝶窦腔分为中间腔、旁中间腔及外侧腔五部分。中间腔的骨性解剖相对简单,其中心是鞍底骨性隆起,旁中间腔位于斜坡骨质的侧方,其内包括颈内动脉隆起及颈内动脉-视神经三角。本文测得颈内动脉内口间距、视神经管内口间距、海绵窦间距,有助于顺利进入手术区域,同时避免损伤这些重要的解剖结构。手术中尤其注意识别视神经管隆起和颈内动脉管隆起。通过扩大经鼻蝶手术入路向侧方可以显露海绵窦,在切开其内侧壁后进入,直视海绵窦内颈内动脉,在切开颈内动脉的前床突周围硬脑膜环后可将其游离、牵开,显露其在海绵窦内的分支及其外侧的动眼神经、滑车神经、外展神经及眼神经等,完全可切除侵入海绵窦内侧壁的肿瘤;打开蝶骨平台可到达视交叉池,显露视交叉、垂体柄及垂体,可切除起源于垂体柄等部位的小病变或者哑铃形垂体瘤的鞍上部分。

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