老年患者腹腔镜直肠癌术后硬膜外麻醉与静脉自控镇痛的效果及对血

【摘要】 目的:观察老年患者腹腔镜直肠癌术后甲磺酸罗哌卡因芬太尼硬膜外自控镇痛(patient controlled epidural analgesia,PCEA)与芬太尼、氟哌利多静脉自控镇痛(patient controlled intravenous analgesia,PCIA)的临床效果及对血气的影响。方法:随机将52例65岁以上ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级择期直肠癌根治术患者分成两组,每组26例,PCEA选用0.238%甲磺酸罗哌卡因加0.0002%芬太尼硬膜外镇痛,PCIA组选用0.001%芬太尼加0.005%氟哌利多静脉镇痛。观察镇痛效果、镇静程度、舒适评分、不良反应,持续监测平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、脉搏氧饱和度(SpO2)和呼气末二氧化碳分压(PETCO2),分别于麻醉前,术后4、12、24h在患者不吸氧或停吸氧0.5h的情况下抽取动脉血,监测pH、PaCO2,并计算动脉血与呼气末CO2梯度(PaPETCO2)的变化。结果:两组患者视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)均较低,PCIA 组高于PCEA组,但无明显差异(P>0.05),PCIA组Ramesay法(RSS)镇静评分显著高于PCEA(P<0.05)布氏评分法(BCS),舒适评分明显低于PCEA组(P<0.05),恶心、呕吐、皮肤搔痒等的发生率显著高于PCEA组(P<0.05),评估两组患者术后镇痛总体满意度,优秀者PCEA组明显多于PCIA组(P<0.05);术后较术前pH降低,PaCO2、PETCO2、PaPETCO2升高(P<0.05),术后各时点上述指标无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论:腹腔镜直肠癌术后的老年患者甲磺酸罗哌卡因硬膜外自控镇痛芬太尼静脉自控镇痛均安全可行,镇痛效果满意,术后PaCO2、PETCO2、上升,pH下降,但不呈进行性的变化。综合总体镇痛质量,PCEA组优于PCIA组,但PCEA组镇痛需加强硬膜外导管的管理。

【关键词】 直肠肿瘤;镇痛患者控制;疼痛测定;血气分析;老年人;腹腔镜术。

【Abstract】 Objective:To observe the effects of patient controlled epidural analgesia(PCEA) with ropivacaine mesilate and fentanyl and patient controlled intravenous analgesia(PCIA) with fentanyl and droperidol on clinical result and blood gas urdergoing laparoscopic rectectomy in aged patients.Methods:Fiftytwo patients (ASAⅠⅡ) with retal carcinoma undergoing laparoscopic redical operation were randomly divided into two groups named group PCEA and group PCIA.Group PCEA cases received epidural analgesia with 0.238%ropivacaine mesilate and 0.0002%fentanyl,and group PCIA cases received intravenous analgesia with 0.001%fentanyl and 0.005%droperidol.Analgesia result,sedation scale,comfort score and side effect were studied.Mean arteriol pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),pulse blood oxygen saturation(SpO2) and partial pressure of end tital carbon dioxide(PETCO2) were monitored continuously pH、PaCO2 and changes between arteriol partial pressure of carbon dioxide and endexpired carbon dioxide tension(PaPETCO2) were monitored by blood gas before anesthesia and 4、12、24hour after operation on the condition that the patients could not take in oxygen or stop taking in it for 0.5 hour.Results:The visual analogue scale(VAS) was low in two groups.The VAS was higher in group PCIA than that in group PCEA,but there was no significant defference(P>0.05).The sedation score by Ramesay(RSS) was significantly higher and the comfort score by BCS was significantly lower in group PCIA than that in group PCEA(P<0.05).The rate of nausea,vomiting and itch was significantly higher in group PCIA than in the other group(P<0.05).The cases with satisfaction of group PCEA were significantly more than the other cases on postoperative analgesia(P<0.05).After operation pH was reduced, PaCO2,PETCO2,and PaPETCO2 were increased(P<0.05).There was no significant difference at different time after operation(P>0.05).Conclusions:Both methods of PCEA with ropivacaine mesilate and PCIA with fentanyl are safe,feasible and satisfying.After operation PaCO2 and PETCO2 are increased and PH is reduced.But the change is not progressive.In genenal,PCEA is better than PCIA in quality,but the epidural tubes need strengthen the management.

【Key words】 Rectal neoplasms;Analgesia,pain measurement;Patiemt controued;Blood gasanalysis;Aged;Laparoscopy。

腹腔镜术后疼痛程度明显轻于开腹手术,但术后早期患者仍可经历明显的疼痛过程[13]。只有腹腔镜术后的疼痛问题解决,其优越性才能得到更好的体现。我院在腹腔镜直肠癌术后同时应用甲磺酸罗哌卡因芬太尼硬膜外自控镇痛(patient controlled epidural analgesia,PCEA)与芬太尼、氟哌利多静脉自控镇痛(patient controlled intravenous analgesia,PCIA)两种镇痛方法,比较了镇痛效果及对血气的影响,以冀为临床提供参考。

1 资料与方法。

1.1 临床资料 选择65岁以上、心肺功能正常、ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级择期直肠癌根治术患者52例,其中男30例,女22例,65~78岁,平均71.6岁。体重56~75kg,术前访视时向患者介绍自控镇痛方法并向患者展示自控镇痛(patient controlled analgesia,PCA)泵装置,对经解释不能正确理解视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)规则及使用镇痛泵的患者不列入本研究范围。随机将患者分成甲磺酸罗哌卡因芬太尼硬膜外PCEA组与芬太尼、氟哌利多静脉PCIA组,每组26例。

1.2 麻醉方法 术前30min为患者肌注苯巴比妥钠0.1g、阿托品0.5mg,入室后开放静脉,输注复方乳酸钠,连续监测ECG、MAP、HR、SpO2和PETCO2等。PCEA组全麻诱导前经L2~3椎间隙穿刺,硬膜外头向置管3cm,注入2%利多卡因试验剂量4ml,以确定硬膜外穿刺成功。用咪唑安定0.05mg/kg、丙泊酚1.5mg/kg、芬太尼4μg/kg和维库溴铵0.1mg/kg行麻醉诱导,气管插管后行机械通气,维持呼吸参数:潮气量9~10ml/kg,吸呼比1∶2,调整呼吸频率(12~15)/min,持续硬膜外泵注0.375%甲磺酸罗哌卡因(4~8)ml/h维持麻醉,丙泊酚血浆靶控浓度1.5μg/ml,30~45min间断静注维库溴铵(0.06~0.08)mg/kg辅助。PCIA组全麻诱导及呼吸参数同PCEA组,术中以丙泊酚血浆靶控浓度3μg/ml,25~30min,维库溴铵(0.08~0.1)mg/kg,芬太尼2μg/kg·h—1维持麻醉。术毕静注新斯的明1mg、阿托品0.5mg拮抗残余肌松作用。患者全部清醒,拔除气管导管,回病房后均经鼻导管吸氧。

1.3 术后镇痛方法 PCEA组经硬膜外导管连接PCA泵,PCIA组经静脉穿刺泵套管针连接PCA泵。PCEA组:哌甲磺酸罗哌卡因178.8mg、芬太尼0.2mg,加生理盐水至100ml;PCIA组:芬太尼1mg、氟哌利多5mg,加生理盐水至100ml;PCA参数均设置为:负荷剂量2~3ml,单次PCA量0.5ml,锁定时间15min,背景流量2.0ml/h。为避免主观因素的影响,实施术后镇痛者不参与观察及检测结果。

1.4 观察与监测。

1.4.1 患者入室后局麻下行桡动脉穿刺置管以便实施动脉血气分析。监测RR、MAP、HR、ECG,并记录麻醉前,镇痛后4、8、12、24h上述指标,并抽取动脉血检测PaCO2、pH值,计算动脉血与呼气末CO2梯度(PaPETCO2)= PaCO2PETCO2,记录镇痛期间PCA按压次数、实进次数。

1.4.2 用VAS为疼痛评分 采用布氏评分法(BCS)进行舒适评分;采用Ramesay(RSS)进行镇静评分[4]。

1.4.3 不良反应 观察患者有无恶心、呕吐、皮肤搔痒、嗜睡等情况发生。

1.4.4 术后24h患者对两种镇痛方法的总体满意程度按差、一般、良好、优秀进行评级。

1.4.5 两组患者均于麻醉前,术后4、12、24h在不吸氧或停止吸氧0.5h的情况下抽取动脉血查血气,监测pH、PaO2、PaCO2、SaO2等指标。

1.5 统计学处理 计量资料以均数±标准差(±s)表示,计数资料以百分比(%)表示,经χ2检验和t检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

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