经皮椎体成形术并发症分析

作者:黄承军,唐福宇,娄宇明,刘保新。

【摘要】 [目的]探讨经皮椎体成形术并发症的发生原因及防治。[方法]自2002年8月~2006年6月共行经皮椎体成形术140例233个椎体,观察术中、术后并发症随访7~52个月(平均28.4个月),观察经过处理后的并发症的预后及远期并发症。[结果]140例患者中,61例出现并发症,发生率为43.6%。骨水泥漏45例,其中,12例骨水泥漏出现临床症状需要处理,疼痛加重10例,胸背部及下肢放射痛1例,给予消炎止痛药物口服后3~7 d后消失,双下肢软瘫1例,CT提示椎管内骨水泥漏,急诊行椎板减压取出骨水泥术后经过抗炎、脱水、激素、营养神经、针灸等处理,3个月后恢复行走能力,26个月后,仅仅遗留下肢无力症状;一过性低血压和意识障碍2例,经过补液、吸氧等处理后于术后30~60 min恢复; 呼吸困难、呛咳和胸部不适3例,拍片未发现明显异常,给予补液、吸氧、抗炎等处理后于3~5 d消失;皮下血肿1例,于术后1周消失;术后1~12个月,相邻椎体新发骨折10例,分别进行保守治疗或再次行PVP手术而治愈。[结论]骨水泥漏是PVP最常见的并发症,严格把握适应证和提高手术技巧有助于减少PVP并发症的发生。

【关键词】 脊柱骨折;椎体成形术并发症;防治。

Analysis of the complications of percutaneous vertebroplasty   Abstract:[Objective]To analyze the causes of complication following percutaneous vertebroplasty and to find out the methods on its prevention and treatment.[Method]Complications of 140 patients (233 vertebral bodies) performed percutaneous vertebroplasty from August 2002 to July 2006 and longterm complications and its correlative prognosis after followedup 7—52 months (average 28.4 months were observed and analyzed.[Result]Sixtyone patients of 140 cases showed complications (43.6%).Fortyfive of the 61 patients with complications revealed with leakage of bone cement,2 with transient low blood pressure or lethargy,3 with dyspneic respiration or slight cough or chest discomfort, 1 with subcutaneous herniation.In 12 patients complicated with leakage of bone cement,10 complained aggravation of pain,1 of radiating pain of back and low limb,1 with incomplete paraplegia. The 11 patients complicated with various postoperative pain induced by bonecement leakage were complete recovery after treatment with antiimflamatory analgetics orally for 3—7 days.One patient with incomplete paraplagia caused by leakage of bone cement demonstrated satisfactory walking function recovery but still remained slight disability of lower limbs after 26 months by treatment of laminectomy decompression, with drawing of bone cement combined with antibiotics,dehydration agent,hormone,nervenourisling agent and 3—month acupuncture. Two patients with transient low blood pressure or lethargy were treated and recovery after fluid infusion and 30—60 oxygen taking. Three patients with dypneic respiration or slight cough or chest discomfort but without abnormality on radiographs were convalesced after treatment of fluid infusion, taking oxygen and antibiotics for 3—5 days.The subcutaneous homotoma of 1 patient was absorbed 7 days later.Ten patients complicated with new adjacent vertebral body fracture 1—12 months postoperatively were healed after conservative treatment of PVP operation.[Conclusion]Complications after percutaneous vertebroplasty are not uncommon(43.6%).Leakage of bone cement is most common complication. Strict preoperation plan and improving operation skill are the most important preventive measures.   Key words:spinal fracture;vertebroplasty; complication; prevention   经皮椎体成形术(percutaneous vertebroplasty,PVP)近年来逐渐成为痛性椎体损害(包括骨质疏松和原发或转移性肿瘤)的主要治疗方法之一,但其安全性一直是众多学者关注的问题。本院自2002年8月~2006年6月施行PVP术140例,就其并发症进行回顾分析和总结。

1 临床资料和方法。

1.1一般资料   本组140例233个椎体,男35例,女105例,年龄42~82岁,平均61.1岁。骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折123例212个椎体椎体转移性肿瘤10例10个椎体,多发性骨髓瘤3例7个椎体椎体血管瘤4例4个椎体手术部位:T6椎体1个,T8椎体3个,T9椎体3个,T10椎体10个,T11椎体34个,T12椎体72个,L1椎体76个,L2椎体24个,L3椎体9个,L4椎体1个。9例12个椎体行双侧穿刺,其余均为一侧穿刺。最多同时行4个椎体PVP。

1.2 手术方法   所有患者术前均行X线、CT或MRI检查,以确定患椎部位及数量、椎骨的破坏程度与范围、椎弓根侵犯情况、椎体皮质的破坏程度(尤其是后壁)、椎管内状况等。俯卧位及局部麻醉,术中心电监护,C型臂X线机或DSA引导下手术,T10及其以下采用椎弓根入路,T9及其以上采用椎弓根外侧入路。采用椎弓根入路时,当穿刺针抵达骨皮质而未超过椎弓根前缘时,正位透视下针尖应位于椎弓根投影“牛眼征”之内。侧位透视下,调整穿刺针方向尽量平行于上终板,缓慢将针击入至椎体前1/3处。穿刺完成后注入造影剂2~5 ml,观察造影剂弥散情况。骨水泥粉液比例按3∶2现场调配,加入造影剂1~2 ml使骨水泥显影,抽入1 ml注射器,至牙膏期时手动注入,注入骨水泥时全程在侧位透视下监控,推注时可不断旋转变换针尖方向以尽量使骨水泥填充均匀,注射完毕后在骨水泥硬化前拔针。

2 结 果   140例(233个椎体)骨水泥注入量胸椎2.5~5 ml,平均3.7 ml;腰椎4.5~8 ml,平均5.5 ml。61例发生了不同程度的并发症随访7~52个月,平均28.4个月。

2.1 骨水泥漏45例74个椎体,其中2004年3月以前的85例145个椎体手术中有43例70个椎体发生渗漏,按椎体数计算发生率为48.3%(70/145),2004年4月以后的55例88个椎体手术中有2例4个椎体发生渗漏,按椎体数计算发生率为4.5%(4/88)。渗漏部位:椎间盘11个椎体(14.9%)、椎旁软组织60个椎体(81.1%)、椎管内3个椎体(4.0%)。12例出现相关症状,其中10例于术后即时~72 h出现局部疼痛加重,口服消炎镇痛药物3~7 d后症状缓解。1例于注入骨水泥时突然出现胸背部及穿刺侧下肢放射性疼痛,停止注射后症状缓解,术后CT扫描见同平面椎管内有少量骨水泥渗漏形成占位,硬膜囊轻度受压,给予20%甘露醇250 ml/d、地塞米松10 mg/d静脉注射,3 d后症状消失,随访临床后遗症。1例T12压缩性骨折行PVP术患者于术后12 h出现进行性加重的双下肢软瘫,立即行CT扫描见同平面椎管内有较多骨水泥渗漏形成占位,硬膜囊及神经根受压,急诊行全椎板减压取出渗漏的骨水泥随访26个月,患者恢复行走,二便功能及下肢感觉无障碍,但仍遗留有下肢无力症状

2.2 一过性低血压和意识障碍2例,均发生在同时行2个以上椎体的PVP术中,表现为在注入骨水泥过程中突然出现意识障碍和血压急骤下降,立即中止手术,转变体位为仰卧位、给氧、输液等处理,30~60 min后意识和血压恢复正常,继续观察无临床症状随访临床后遗症。

2.3 呼吸困难、呛咳和胸部不适3例,出现在骨水泥注入过程中,立即中止手术,转变体位为仰卧位、给氧、静脉给予抗菌素3~5 d,症状缓解。术中术后查血气分析正常,X线片检查未发现肺栓塞,随访临床后遗症。

2.4 皮下血肿1例,患者因心血管疾病口服阿斯匹林治疗1年,术前检查未发现凝血功能障碍,术后发生皮下血肿,给予加压包扎、局部外敷中药等对症处理后消失,随访临床后遗症。

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